Workplace Bullying in Adulthood and in the Workplace Essay

Comparison Matrix Paper Introduction Today’s economy is changing, not only in this country, but around the world as well. People today are struggling to find steady employment, maintaining their employment and still having a difficult time to make ends-meet. Looking for a job, especially while unemployed and running low on money, has to be one of the most stressful times of a person’s life. However, there is another issue in regarding to today’s workforce. We can assume that most of us have experienced some type of bullying while in our younger years. Unfortunately, bullying exists in one’s adulthood as well, especially within the work environment. Additionally, workplace bullying is one of the biggest complaints from both employers and†¦show more content†¦In article two by Vie and Einarsen (2010) studied victims of workplace bullying and the target’s personalities, while looking at the relationships between exposures to negative acts and self-labeling bullying. In article t hree by Glaxo, Matthisen, Nielsen and Einarsen (2007) studied the differences in personalities between groups of bullied victims and non-bullied victims, while focusing on the terms of personality of the victims of workplace bullying. Of all of these studies, we will analyze and make comparisons of each specific section and make an overall conclusion about bullying within the workplace. A. Comparison of Research Questions posed for the studies: According to Hauge et al. (2009), â€Å"a growing body of research during the last couple of decades has shown a range of work-related factors to be related to exposure to workplace bullying, while considerably less attention has been devoted seeking to explain why perpetrators engage in bullying† (p. 349). With having limited empirical knowledge that exists on perpetrators of workplace bullying, they addressed this gap in workplace bullying research by investigating individual and situational factors that may encourage individuals to become perpetrators of bullying at work. Therefore, the authors asked what individual andShow MoreRelatedBullying And Bullying Among Youth1429 Words   |  6 PagesBullying has been around for many years, yet it was only in 2014 that an official federal definition of bullying was released for research purposes. The Department of Education and Centers for Disease Control released this definition when they researched and surveilled bullying among youth (Gladden, Vivolo-Kantor, Hamburger, Lumpkin, 2014). Although many people associate bullying with childhood settings, it is actually something that can be carried on throughout adulthood, especially in the workplaceRead MoreThe Lifetime Effects Of Bullying And Bullied808 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: The lifetime effects of bullying and being bullied General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To give a clear understanding of the various concepts and theories the effects of bullying and/or being bullied can have on people during their adult lifespan. Thesis Statement: In the peer-reviewed article Bullying and Being Bullied in Childhood Are Associated with Different Psychosocial Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health in Men, authors Karen A. Matthews, Richard J. Jennings, Laisze LeeRead MoreBullying : A Serious Problem1326 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of bullying may seem insignificant and petty, but the truth is we are conditioned to ignore it. The fear of being the next victim has caused many to lose sight of their moral compass when it comes to defending one another or standing up for what is right. Instead we cower and turn our attention to giving way to the biggest and loudest voice. Most people are prone to neglect the fact someone is being bullied, because once again they fear becoming the next victim. School bullying is a problemRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace On The Organization And Answer The Following Questions Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pageshurtful behavior. Almost everyone has succumbed to bullying in life, wheth er it was in the role as an innocent target, horrible aggressor, or tacit bystander. Thus, recently social media seems to express utter disdain with bullies terrifying innocuous classmates in schools, but many organizations overlook workplace bullying and underestimate its power since it is not a punishable offense. Consequently, almost 14 million American adults succumb to bullying daily, and millions more experience the mortifyingRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Bullying On The Organization And Answer The Following Questions Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pageshurtful behavior. Almost everyone has succumbed to bullying in life, whether it was in the role as an innocent target, horrible aggressor, or tacit bystander. Thus, recently social media seems to express utter disdain with bullies terrifying innocuous classmates in schools, but many organizations overlook workplace bullying and underestimate its power since it is not a punishable offense. Consequently, almost 14 million America n adults succumb to bullying daily, and millions more experience the mortifyingRead MoreComparison Matrix Paper 1010 Words   |  5 PagesNelson September 17, 2014 Comparison Matrix Paper Introduction This paper compares three studies on workplace bullying. 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Cyber-bullying takes place by using the Internet, cell phones, video game systems, and other technology. Cyber-bully sends or posts text or image that is intended to hurt feelings or embarrass another person in front of others. Bullying is an aggressive behavior which causes harm and stress to its victims and it escalates over time. Furthermore, everybody has mobile phones and they are using it all day long. There is certainlyRead MoreUse Of Factual Primary Sources For Bullying And What I Learned From It999 Words   |  4 Pages For many years bullying has seemed to become a norm for people from all backgrounds and lifestyles within society. The unique thing about bullying is that at times it may occur amongst people that are closest to the victims. Such as, family members, friends, co-workers, or from other known and sometimes unknown assailants. There is no definitive way to pinpoint what makes bullying occur or how it will affect an individual. Because everyone has different tolerance levels and may find alternateRead MoreEssay on LGBTQ Youth: The Endless Strife1362 Words   |  6 Pagesstands for individuals who know they are not heterosexual but cannot label themselves as one orientation (â€Å"Questioning†). Males and females suffer the unnecessary consequences of their choosing to reveal their sexuality. Ascension from juvenility to adulthood is obstacle-ridden for these individuals. One of the most significant obstacles is the rate of homelessness among LGBTQ individuals in their teenage years. Homelessness, as defined by the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, is lacking a regular

Essay on The Parable of the Sadhu by Bowen H. McCoy

After reading Bowen H. McCoy’s, â€Å"The Parable of the Sadhu,† I ask myself: Can stress or environmental conditions excuse the actions of Bowen McCoy or anyone in a similar situation? Joseph Badaracco says that â€Å"right-versus-right choices are best understood as defining moments; decisions that reveal, test, and shape.† There is no doubt in my mind that Bowen McCoy’s encounter with the Sadhu was a defining moment, but by not taking a stand and ultimately making sure of the Sadhu’s survival, will the shadow cast forward by Bowen from his decision be one that he can live with; one that his peers could admire. Or will it be one that he and everyone close to him will see and often worry about. What will happen when another â€Å"defining moment†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦What action produces the greatest good for the greatest number is asked by the utilitarianism concept. If Bowen would have done everything he could to help the sadhu, t he only beneficiaries are the sadhu (†¦and possibly his kith and kin) and presumably Bowen for knowing that he did the right thing. This is a double edged sword because by further assisting the sadhu, the sun would have melted the pass over and Bowen would have sealed the fate of his journey and perhaps the others’ as well, had they stayed behind. As a result, utilitarianism would not have been achieved if they had chosen to help the sadhu beyond what had already been done. Kantian duties and obligations asks what rule would Bowen require everyone to follow all the time. Bowen says himself, â€Å"Not every ethical dilemma has a right solution.† What does this mean though- isn’t it crucial that there be clear processes for dealing with dilemmas? If so, why would Bowen and the others hesitate when such a defining moment manifested itself? The truth is that the one rule that Bowen McCoy would require everyone to follow would be to do the right thing. The irony is how anyone could use this rule as guidance in a ‘defining moment’ where only one of two right choices can be made. Social contract theory asks what rules are necessary to maintain stable and harmonious social relations among people. â€Å"What right does an almost naked pilgrim who chooses the wrong trail have to disrupt our lives? Even theShow MoreRelatedThe Parable of the Sadhu by Bowen Mccoy: An Analysis of Ethics967 Words   |  4 PagesThe Parable of the Sadhu by Bowen McCoy Objective The objective of this study is to answer specific questions relating to Bowen McCoys work entitled The Parable of the Sadhu and specifically to examine ethics on both the group and individual level as it is applicable to this situations in McCoys story. Part I The work of McCoy (2009) states that there is a need to identify a specific set of requirements or characteristics to describe the individual that is ethical in the area of leadershipRead MoreParable of the Sadhu775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Parable of the Sadhu Bowen H. McCoy Article Review In the Parable of the Sadhu, a group of climbers from different cultures came across a Sadhu, an Indian holy man, who was frozen and barely alive. The members of the party responded accordingly and each played a role in helping the Sadhu out. Both external and internal forces, however, collectively kept the hikers from devoting their full attention to him. The problem seemed, as McCoy later pointed, that once the Sadhu became too muchRead MoreCase 3-1 The Parable of the Sadhu1637 Words   |  7 PagesCase 3-1 The Parable of the Sadhu The case examines the individual versus corporate ethic. Ethical Issues: How does the individual stay true to her values within a corporate ethic? How can one make changes for the better within an organization? Questions Consider corporate values and ethics as discussed in Chapter 3 and the ethical reasoning methods discussed in Chapters 1 and 2 in answering the following questions: 1. Bowen H. McCoy’s friend Stephen is quoted as saying, â€Å"I feel that

Managing Professional ethic and civic moral - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Managing Professional ethic and civic moral. Answer: Introduction Information and Communication Technology or ICT has become an integral part of the business processes. The use of technology has proven to be a boon for business processes. Information and communication technology refers to the use of different digital devices connected over internet that helps in monitoring and managing the entire system (Dewey, 2016). There are numerous advantages of use of ICT in business. However, there are certain disadvantages as well. In the recent years, there had been a considerable increase in the use of ICT in business. With the increase in the use of internet for managing the business processes, there had been cases of privacy and data security risk. Internet and ICT makes the process of business management easy, but proves to be a cause of increasing vulnerability of the system as well (Shafer-Landau, 2012). One of the greatest examples of ethical issue arising due to the compromise in data and privacy of ICT devices is Wanna Cry ransomware attack that broke in May 2017. This ransomware attack spread all over the world in a very less time proving that use of ICT can be a bane too. The report discusses the how the use of technology contributes to a problem describing the Wanna Cry ransomware attack that spread worldwide (Fromm, 2013). The report further evaluates the case study in terms of ethics discussing the six questions of Doing Ethics. The ethical issue arising from the use of ICT is discussed in the fo llowing paragraphs. Wanna Cry Attack Wanna Cry ransomware attack is a cyber attack that spread worldwide within a limited time. The Wanna cry ransomware is an encryption based ransomware that locks all the data of the system. The data can be only decrypted by a decryption key, which can be obtained after paying the ransom. The ransomware attack broke in May 2017 and spread all over the world infecting hundred thousands of computers running on windows operating system. The attacker could gain an access to the system by exploiting the vulnerability of the ICT devices. The ransomware could easily spread from one computer system to another that is connected over a common network. This resulted in spread of ransomware in many computer systems over a short span of time (Mohurle Patil, 2017). The attack resulted in the locking the computer systems asking ransom in form of bitcoins for decrypting the information. The ransom furthermore was to be paid within a certain time span of week after which the data will be permanently d eleted. This was an intelligent attack but could have been avoided if proper security measures were taken. The attack created a stir in the field of cyber security. This attack affected a number of emergency services and spread over countries. The malicious code only needed to look up for the domain name in continuing with the attack. The spread of the malicious code could be stopped only if the domain name is activated. The spread of the virus stopped by activating the domain name. Doing Ethics Technique Doing ethics technique is an analysis of certain situation based on the certain questions. The order of the question asked also holds a lot of importance in analyzing the doing ethics technique. The different questions of doing ethics technique includes, What is going on?, who is affected?, what are the ethical issues and implications?, What can be done about it? And which option is best?. These questions are in this order only in order to analyze a certain situation (Trevino Nelson, 2016). The analysis of Wanna Cry ransomware attack based on doing ethics technique is discussed in the next section. What is going on? A dangerous ransomware attack spread worldwide on May 2017 that targeted the computers running on old version of windows operating system. The unpatched system was the main target of the attack. The attack spread over 150 countries infecting around 3,00000 computers that were running on windows operating system (Mohurle Patil, 2017). The ransomware on entering the system encrypts all the data of the system using AES and RSA encryption technique. The encrypted data can only be decrypted with the help of the decryption key that can be obtained only after paying the ransom. It was speculated that the ransomware spread through phishing emails containing malicious program. What are the Issues? There were several issues that were associated with the attack. The ethical issue being the compromise of data privacy and security of the data stored in the ICT devices. The attacker could access all the data stored in the computer devices and encrypted the data so that the owner cannot access it (Crane Matten, 2016). The attack could spread only because of the absence of proper security mechanisms in the affected computer system. The attack lasted for a number of days before it could be stopped using a kill switch. By that time, the attack already created a stir in the whole world (Keown, 2016). Who is affected? Every user and even the Microsoft Company were affected in this particular cyber attack. A specific group of hackers released the typical WannaCry cryptoworm for hacking the operating system of Microsoft Windows and wanted to extract a lump sum amount of ransom. They wanted the ransom in Bitcoins cryptocurrency (Miller et al., 2012). This was considered as one of the greatest cyber attacks, registered in the cyber world. Over 300000 systems were affected in the process and the cryptoworm was injected in them. The countries that were extremely affected in the cyber attack of WannaCry ransom ware mostly include Russia, Taiwan, India and Ukraine. The most significant system that was registered as to be affected was the famous health care centre, namely, National Health Service of United Kingdom. The database of this famous health care centre comprised of every detail of the patients, who were admitted there (Niebuhr, 2013).. The WannaCry ransomware cyber attack affected the system of th e health care centre partially. Fortunately, the cyber attack did not affect all the systems of National Health Service. Hence, it can be said that the affected individuals in the cyber attack were the users and Microsoft Company. What are the ethical issues and implications? There are several ethical issues or problems in this particular case study. A specific group of hackers did the cyber attack. They did not have any ethical reason for this type of cyber attack. They released the WannaCry cryptoworm with the intention of affecting the operating system of Microsoft Windows. This is the most utilized operating system in the entire world and hacking this system almost blocked the uses of several users worldwide. The main intention of the hackers was to acquire ransom for the release of a kill switch (Peters, 2015).. They demanded billions of Bitcoins for the remedy in terms of cryptocurrency. Due to this attack, the data of all the users, who were utilizing the operating system were released and known to every person. The most degrading part of this attack was that it lasted for few days before a researcher created the kill switch. Hence, it can be said that the entire cyber attack was extremely unethical and there are no ethical implications present in it (Crane Matten, 2016). What can be done about it? What options are there? WannaCry ransom ware attack mostly occurred in all the older versions of Microsoft Windows like Windows XP, Windows 98 and Windows Vista. All the systems that were affected in the process were involved with the older versions of Windows operating system. Several measures could have been undertaken for stopping the WannaCry cryptoworm (Peters, 2015). These various options mainly include the installation and utilization of a good antivirus software and restriction to the entry of pop up windows (Dewey, 2016). The regular backup to the folders and files is another important option. Installation and utilization of good antivirus software is the best option for this particular cyber attack of WannaCry ransomware. The antivirus will detect and prevent any type of vulnerability in the operating system and hence, these types of attacks could be eradicated (Banks, 2012). Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that although the use of ICT have numerous advantage as it simplifies the process of doing work and business. With the pros offered by technology and ICT, there are number of cons of using ICT in different processes. The article discusses one ethical issue of data security and privacy that broke in due to the use of Information and communication technology in the organization. The article discusses one of the negative effects of using ICT in business. The Wanna Cry ransomware attack that hit the world on May 2017 was one of the greatest cyber attacks of recent time. The attack could create havoc only because of improper use of ICT. The devices that were targeted were running on an older version of windows operating system. The article discusses the six questions of doing ethic technique in brief. The article outlines the entire attack and analyzes it on basis of doing ethics technique. References Banks, S. (2012).Ethics and values in social work. Palgrave Macmillan. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Dewey, J. (2016).Ethics. Read Books Ltd. Durkheim, E. (2013).Professional ethics and civic morals. Routledge. Fromm, E. (2013).Man for himself: An inquiry into the psychology of ethics(Vol. 102). Routledge. Keown, D. (2016).The nature of Buddhist ethics. Springer. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Mohurle, S., Patil, M. (2017). A brief study of wannacry threat: Ransomware attack 2017.International Journal,8(5). Niebuhr, R. (2013).Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Westminster John Knox Press. Peters, R. S. (2015).Ethics and Education (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Shafer-Landau, R. (Ed.). (2012).Ethical theory: an anthology(Vol. 13). John Wiley Sons. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons.

Sixth Sense Essays - Haley Joel Osment, Keyshia Cole, Cole

Sixth Sense This past weekend , I went to see a movie at the near theater to my house ." The Sixth Sense " It is some kind of psychological movie that tell the story of a littleboy name Cole Sear ,Who has some kind of Supernatural abilities to see and comuni-cate with the dead . And a child psychologist who was shot by a disturbed former patient who break into his house .The patient was treated by Dr Malcolm Crowe as a child but now wants revenge for not been cured . I think the story plot was good .In my opinion I believed that it was one of the best movie I have seen so far this year .I particularly love the acting of Young Osment ( Cole Sear ). He was brilliant ,adorable beyond compare. I just wanted to give him a big hug , and tell him that everything will be okay. Bruce Willis ( Dr Malcom Crowe ) did a very good job himself as achild psychologist who is still troubled with whathappen a year go. The suspense was excellent too. What touched me the most was how much Cole Sear carried on himself. Coles problem is that he lives in constant fears of ghostly visit . He can see them ( dead people ) every where .They are walking among us . He can see them at the school .He tells his teacher " they used to hang people here " But the teacher does not believed him , so he goes on telling him that " when you were a boy they called you StutteringStanley "Another part of Cole's fear is that he is unable to tell anyone about this secret because he is afraid that no one would believe him. And that's where his worried mothers steps in by contacting a child psychologist Dr. Malcolm to help after she last exhausted all possible avenues from the medical establishment . Dr Malcom Crowe is a child psychologist , who still carried after a year a ridden Guilt . He feels like a failure because a year ago he could not or was not able to saved one of his patient . I believed that when he found Cole it was some kind of way to make up for his failure . Malcolm is a sensitive man but troubled , who has to choose between helping the poor terrified little 8 years old Cole or working harder on his neglected marriage. Malcolm and Cole are helping Each other to resolve their problems . The suspense was incredible . No special effects and computerization that chill your bones....I jumped once during the film . That was when the little girl showed up in the tent that Cole made . When He turned around and saw her that is when I jumped , and everybody else in the theater did the same . It scared the s**t out of me , I thought something would be coming from the top and believed me it got my attention . It was one of the best movie I have seen this year .It kept me clung to the armrest .The ending of the movie is totally unexpected . My friend in Arizona saw the movie 2 weeks ago . I begged her to tell me about it but she would not tell me anything She said " if I tell you , it would ruined it , you have to go see it ." So that is what I finally did . And I am glad that she did not tell me about the ending. I am not going to mention it now. I do not know if you saw the movie . If you did not , it is a must see . My last thought of "The Sixth Sense" is the movie is about communication .Every character seeks to reach a level of communication in order to deliver a message .( Like the little girl who wants her dad to know that her step-mom was the one who killed her . ) she just wanted Cole to go at her house find the video tape that she made and give it to her dad . Now she was free to go in peace .Or when at the end of the movie Cole told Malcolm that he could talk to his wife while she was sleeping, she be listening to him .This last part of

Health to Employer and Employee Essay Example

Health to Employer and Employee Essay Example Health to Employer and Employee Paper Health to Employer and Employee Paper In today’s scenario the work place and its environment play a key role in our day to day lives. A typical work day for an average individual comprises nine of his or hers waking hours of the day. It comprises a large portion of the day and goes without saying that it has an important bearing on the overall mental and physical well being of an individual. Organizations are increasingly recognizing that employee health and well being are key determinants of productivity and hence organizational health in terms of money, time and effort. A software consultancy firm’s mission statement written on their transport vehicles exemplifies this, â€Å"The human side of business†. Today health is an important consideration. In fact the US governments program, â€Å"Healthy People 2010† outlines various on going programs concerning the health of US citizens.     For the purpose of this discussion we concentrate on one aspect concerning employer employee relationship that is health. When one considers health at the work place we cannot escape the three basic requirements, clean air and water and healthy food. These are often taken for granted by employees. For an employer providing these three basic requirements are not considerations only of the law and costs but also have bearing on productivity. For example, the presence of allergens in the air in a factory, we can see would impact the employee’s health. Allergies are not life threatening usually but are associated with considerable morbidity. For the employer it would mean absence from work and loss of man hours. Providing food for the employee in large organizations is a challenge. At the minimum an employee would have one meal and one snack at work. He can only eat what is offered and providing the healthy food would be the employer’s choice. To choose healthy food is today almost a prerequisite, given the increasing awareness and health consciousness of the general population What does employee health mean for the employer?   The old paradigm of healthy body healthy mind would change in today’s context. Today the employer’s paradigm would be healthy mind healthy body. The mental status of the employee effects his motivation. His motivation determines his output both qualitative and quantitative. That is why employers spend a lot of time and money in employee motivation. Many have Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) that provide basic mental health services for their employees. A motivated employee is productive and has greater chances of gaining in the rewards system of the company. It is a win-win situation. Providing clean air may not be in total control of the employer when one relates it to occupational asthma and allergies. The nature of the business environment, for example a factory dealing with chemicals, may throw up a variety allergens in spite of the stipulated precautions. â€Å"There is little or no evidence to guide the occupational physician for effective management of prospective employees with preexisting or current history of asthma† (Gannon, 2005, p. 586). It would be in the interest of both the employer as well as the employee if the pre-employment screening included test for asthma in fact occupational asthma accounts for 10% of adult onset asthma ( Tarlo and Liss, cited in Gannon, 2005, p. 586). This is a sufficiently large number for employers with a high risk business like a chemical factory to screen its prospective employees. This would benefit both the employer and employee. For the prospective employee it would prevent a great deal of morbidity. Also it gives the employee and employer a choice to weigh the benefits verses the risks. The approach to the problem could be both a medical and a management issue. But it is clear that clean allergen free air is important to both the employee and employer. Employee and employer would need to meet midway to manage a potential health issue should it arise despite all precautions. The center for disease control and prevention (CDC) is a premiere public health services agency of the federal government of the USA that has a web site that has a lot of information regarding disease control. On work site food the CDC promotes work place practice and policies that promote healthy food choices whenever food is made available at the work place. Healthy Worksite Food, 2008). According to the CDC in 1995 it was estimated that $ 9.3 billion was lost in productivity due to morbidity associated with chronic diseases, like cardio vascular diseases diabetes, that was attributed to poor diet. Clearly diet is an important factor to consider at the work place for employees and employers. Medical literature clearly links diet to health. Frequent meetings and conferences would contribute to poor diet if unhealthy food is served. Some thing as simple as tea of coffee, accompanied with sugar and milk would up set the energy balance of an individual and be a contributing factor to overweight and obesity. For an employer the cost of serving healthy food could be little different. Serving foods rich in fiber, more fruits and vegetables would have its implications for productivity. It would be prudent to consider how much their share of the pie the $ 9.3 billion loss is, in the absence of any in house estimates. It would benefit the employee too in reducing the risk of disease. So in another basic requirement, food is important health indicator that benefits employee and employer. It becomes increasingly clear that health is important to employee and employer. The employer has screening programs prior to employment but since health contributes to motivation of the employee and thus productivity, Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) become the need of the hour. EAPs become all the more necessary because problems like allergies and asthma may manifest after the employee joins the work force. Teich. JL Buck JA reported that in a survey conducted in 2001, 17 percent of the firms offered EAP’s and the percentage offering EAPs go up depending on the size of the company (Psychiatry Services, 2003). What are the problems that would affect the mental health of an employee? In the same survey employee reported that their EAPs provided counseling and referral services for work or family issues. Employers must recognize that EAPs are just a way of telling the employees that the organization cares for every individual of the company. How an employee is treated contributes to their mental well being. All like to be treated fairly and with justice. This was clearly seen in a prospective cohort study on organizational justice and health of the employees. The study concluded that the extent to which people are treated with justice in the work place independently predicts their health. (Kivimaki M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J, Ferrie JE, 2003, p. 27). Low versus high justice of decision making procedure was associated with a 41 percent higher risk of sickness absence in men and a 12 percent higher risk in women. Any absence affects the employer to a large extent. Crucial projects could get delayed impact the organizations clients. At every level of interaction between employer and employee health is important to both. Health has not only physical and mental implications but also a large socioeconomic consideration affecting both employer and employee. An important aspect in today’s economic scenario is organizational downsizing. Retrenchment due to a variety of reasons, mainly economics, has a large social impact but few would consider the implications it has on health. A study published in the British Medical Journal throws some light on this issue. The key learning for the study was that, â€Å"the threat of job loss due to downsizing results in increased morbidity. The increase seemed to be mediated not only through job insecurity but also through increased job demands and lowered job controle.†(Kivimaki M, Vahtera J, Pentti J, Ferrie JE, 2000, p. 975) In summary the implication health has for the employer and employee clearly outline the importance it should be given in an employee employer relationship. Every individual has a moral responsibility for ones health. The family would suffer due to ill health of an individual. Work is a source that provides for the family’s needs and lifestyle of individual members. If work becomes a source of ill health then the family suffers it is not a single individual that is affected but all members. Employers recognize this and provide for the employee’s health depending on the size of the organization. The overall well being on an organization depends to a large extent on the physical and mental health of its employee’s. The health of the two is interconnected. References Gannon, P,( 2005), Pre-employment Assessment and   Health Surveillance for Employees Exposed to occupational Asthmagens, Occupational medicine, 2005, 55,586-587. cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/hwi/polocies/ Healthy Work Site Food, (2008), Choosing Foods and Beverages for Healthy Meetings conferences and events, Retrieved on May 15, 2008, from the CDC a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Database Kavimaki, M. Vahtera, J, Pentti, J, Ferrie JE, (2000), Factors Underlying the effect of Organzational Downsizing on Health of Employees, British Medical Journal, 320, 971-975. Kivimaki, M, Elovania M, vahtera, J Ferrie, JE, (2003), Organsational Justice and Health of Employees, Occup. Environ. Med, 60, 27-34. Teich, JL, and Buck JA, http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org, (2003). Mental Health Services in Employee Assistance Programs, 2001, 54, 611. Retrieved on May, 15, 2008, from the APA database

Preview of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 11th Edition †New Features for College Students!

Preview of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 11th Edition – New Features for College Students! The 11th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile will be published soon (projected January release date!), and one of the new additions is a guide to LinkedIn ® for college students. At this time of college admissions fervor, I thought it would be appropriate to reveal this section especially for my blog readers! LinkedIn ® For Students and LinkedIn ® Youniversity are two of LinkedIn’s newest features. If youre one of the 39 million college students on LinkedIn ®, or if you’re considering becoming one of them, you will get value from my newest appendix, which addresses some features you may have not realized were available to you. Enjoy! LinkedIn ® For Students LinkedIn ® Youniversity LinkedIn ® for Students is filled with videos and tips on the most effective ways to use LinkedIn ®, from building your personal brand to getting an internship. Available videos cover a variety of topics to get you started with networking, discovering your career passion and prepping for interviews. Youll also find checklists and tip sheets for building your student profile and utilizing LinkedIns Alumni tools. Student Jobs 101 provides tips for optimizing your LinkedIn ® profile, approaching the college job hunt, and applying for internships and entry-level positions. Jobs for Students and Recent Graduates is LinkedIns search engine for internship positions and jobs for recent graduates. Search by industry for a list of positions that may interest you. LinkedIn for Students Articles contains a collection of articles written by LinkedIns top writers related to college and career. LinkedIn ® Youniversity is designed to help students find the perfect college. Its a one-stop hub where you can communicate with other students, advisors and future classmates. Here are just a few of its features: University Rankings Find out which schools are best rated in terms of placing new graduates. Read how LinkedIn ® attains these ratings in LinkedIn ®s Official Blog article, Ranking Universities Based on Career Outcomes. University Finder Just tell LinkedIn ® what you want to do and theyll show you the top schools for that industry career. Field of Study Explorer LinkedIn ® takes your field of study (based on your profile) and lists the top business and connections for you. Decision Boards Create a pin board where you can keep all of your top picks from your University Rankings, Finder and Field of Study tools in one place, plus get start conversations to get advice from people you trust and respect.When you select a preferred university and/or field of study, your Decision Board will appear on your profile page. Visitors will then have the opportunity to help you make your decision based on their experiences. For more information on how to use LinkedIn ® Youniversity, read LinkedIn ® Official Blog article, Social + Data = Better Decisions for Students. I would love to hear how you or your college student children are using these new LinkedIn ® features. And if you don’t have my book yet and you want to know how to optimize the value you get from LinkedIn ® as a job seeker, business person, or student, just go How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile. If you purchase the book in PDF format, youll receive unlimited lifetime updates! Finally, if youd like me to address a particular LinkedIn ® topic you dont see covered in my book or blog, just email me at BrendaB@TheEssayExpert.com with your suggestion. The answer to your question might be featured in the next edition! Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinDecember 8, 2014

Local Motors co-creation model Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Local Motors co-creation model - Case Study Example Moreover the design talent is easy to identify but not all the designs are easy to develop and build them into new cars. On the other hand, the pro of this co-creation model is that it enables LM to come up with a new way of thinking in the car industry, which is â€Å"Design by the crowd, built by the customer†. Furthermore, microfactories, which have been built around USA and where cars are manufactured, can be optimal places for the customers and LM to cooperate and coordinate. Built by the customer is Local Motors’ community-oriented marketing strategy. LM also wants to encourage customers to bring their family and friends during the building of their car to not only give a customer-friendly and personal touch to the process but also to lessen the work load of LM staffs. However, the disadvantage with this process is that many potential customers might not have the â€Å"time or the enthusiasm about cars to spend weekends cooped up in a factory† (Norton and D ann, 2011). This innovative strategy has attracted many new customers and car enthusiastic to follow and be part of the community. 2.  How did the co-creation model unfold in practice?The central to Local Motor's co-creation model in practice is attracting a robust set of both professional and amateur car designers who could design the cars that LM would build. In that direction, LM along with its contractors began work to build an online community in which designers can post their car designs or design concepts, as well as suggest and collaborate on others' designs.

Posners Terms Analyzing the Curriculum Assignment

Posners Terms Analyzing the Curriculum - Assignment Example For example, teachers can conduct research, introduce their research in the classrooms, share it with other teachers and after seeing the effectiveness of the research, can be supportive in making it a part of the curriculum. 2. Robert Glaser/Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) Robert Glaser made a curriculum by making use of the standards of RD&D model for curriculum change, which he named as Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI). IPI can be defined as a systematic approach to learning (Posner, 1995). Glaser intended to implement the standards of the RD&D model to the whole curriculum employed by primary and secondary classes through IPI. This approach individualizes the children as the students are allowed to learn with the support of technology. Teachers and students both can assess the behavior of the student in learning and understand the curriculum. For example, students gain instructions and curriculum details with the support of computerized technology. Each of them has his own instruction to follow. 3. Collaborative Approaches as related to Curriculum Change The collaborative approaches as related to curriculum change were created after finding weaknesses in the RD&D model. The approach highlights that better teaching is based on experience and knowledge acquisition of teachers about their profession (Posner, 1995). Teachers are able o learn better by viewing other teachers’ teaching and sharing their notions with one another. Teachers and students should be collaborative in developing curriculums and bringing in a change in the curriculum. An example of collaborative approaches as related to curriculum change is to incorporate new and innovative materials such as computer usage in the curriculum by collecting the viewpoints of teachers and students collaboratively. Chapters 10 and 11 1. Purposes of Evaluation The purposes of evaluation sometimes disagree with one another. The academic institutions generally need evaluation data that t hey can reveal to the stakeholders and financers for showing the efficiency of their system (Posner, 1995). This evaluation data is provided as a source of measurement of the presentation of the academic institution for advertising purposes. In addition, the evaluation is conducted as a certified activity to assess the performance of individual educators in order to scrutinize and make better the learning strategies that they intend to provide. The profiles and yearly results of students given in newspapers and meetings for performance evaluation with the support of evaluation data are examples of purposes of evaluation. 2. Standardized Tests Standardized tests can be defined as a collection of questions with an acknowledged collection of most probably accurate answers (Posner, 1995). The standardized tests are assessments that are supervised and evaluated by following certain standards. Consistency can be found in standardized tests. Every student has to give the answers already as signed as correct answers. For example, a test in which, multiple choices are allowed with each correct answer already known to the checker.     Ã‚  

Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Essay Example for Free

Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Essay Financial management is very crucial in today’s health care financial procedures. It is one the most important aspects of the financial health care. There are many assessments made- based the financial records and the business transactions that occur within the health care organization. It is crucial the financial records are kept up- to -date and they follow specific guidelines. The books kept up- to- date and in order, this will show the amount of money being brought into the organization for profit and the amount of money the organization has lost in profit. One thing that may cause the honesty of the organization to be on the brinks is the organization financial management and the correctness of the financial books. This paper is about information that will address financial reporting practices and ethics. It will address four financial management functions, summaries that accept accounting principles by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). It will also give an example from an article that has reflected ethical standards of conduct and financial reporting. The basic four components of financial management are planning, controlling, organizing and directing and decision making. The preparation is responsibility for financial management to recognize the purposes of the health care organization. The planning step is to â€Å"set directions and allocates resources, the organizing step brings people and material resources together in working condition, the leading step inspires people to best utilize these resources, and the controlling step checks that the right things happen, in the right way, and at the right time† (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, amp; Kramer, 2007,). Controlling is the process of the financial management to ensure that each department of the organization are going by the procedures that was decided. The financial manager should have the reports available to study the most recent financial reports. The reports will help to select what department needs the most consideration to keep the organization going. Organizing and directing is the responsibility of the financial manager to decide in what way to make use of the funds of the organizations most efficiently. Resources such as assets will help the manager to ensure the goals of the healthcare organizations are accomplished. Directing is an everyday job provided that control and support. The final step in the element in financial management is decision making. Planning, organizing, and controlling is a correspondence with the decision making process. The choices will be by the financial manager based on evaluation, analysis and information. Generally accepted accounting principles is a set of financial recommendations used for financial accounting. The recommendations are for preparing financial statements and for setting standards for organizations accountants. According to Baker (2011), â€Å" One of the requirements of GAAP is that unrestricted fund balances be separated from restricted fund balances on the statements, so you see two appropriate line items (restricted and unrestricted) in the fund balance section† (p. 108). GAAP are the rules of accounting. Those guidelines are to arrange the reporting of financial statements that will include the cash flow statements, income statements, and the balance sheet. With the reply of these responsibilities, the Organization of Managing Bookkeepers declared principles of moral conduct for employees of managing bookkeeping and financial management. The principles take account for confidentiality, integrity, and competence. A person must maintain knowledge and the necessary skills is what includes competence. They must always maintain their professional responsibilities and duties in accordance with related rules, technical standards, and regulations. Confidentiality when one should not disclose confidential information, such as health records except when given the right authority to do so. Integrity has the responsibility not to engage in activities that would affect prejudgment, favors that will influence their actions and decision making. According to† Ethical Standards† (n. d),â€Å"Specialists of managing bookkeeping and monetarist managing partake an commitment to the community, their line of work, the institute they work for and themselves, to uphold the utmost principles of decent manner. Hewlett-Packard Company CEO, Mark Hurd turn out to be mixed up in the workplace. According to (Healthfield, 2012), â€Å"Mr. Hurd had failed to disclose a close personal relationship he had with a contractor that constituted a conflict of interest† . †Mr. Hurd also â€Å"failed to maintain accurate expense reports, and misused company assets. † This is an example that reflect ethical standards of conduct a nd financial reporting practices. Practicing accuracy end honesty will help continue the capacity to never misuse the financial systems, and abide by the laws laid out by GAAP. Organizations are providing their employees with the necessary training that will equip them as well as sustain the reporting practices operational but at the time use the similar procedures and show them new procedures. Fraud and abuse is something everyone know when being ethical. By using the GAAP guidelines, keeping the organizational ethics and policies would be free from abuse and fraud. By following the guidelines that comes from the GAAP, they can help prevent fraud and abuse from happening in the health care organization itself. These guidelines are there to help the organization benefit so they will always be ready in case there may come a time when they have to show their financial documents to a third party. Therefore in conclusion, it a major responsibility in financial reporting practices and ethics. Financial managers should implement the four elements of financial management in their reports to avoid fraud, abuse and the risk of breaking ethics. Managers should know how to plan, control, organize and directing and decision making. They should always incorporate the GAAP rules and regulations in order to avoid unethical rulings.

Liberation Of Women In Foreign Countries :: essays research papers fc

Liberation of Men’s â€Å"Better Half†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout history, stereotypes of women- ideological, ethnic, and sexual- seem to exist in all societies. Today and throughout history, women have benn viewed on many, many different ways. Throughout most of history, and in most cultures and societies, women were viewed as â€Å"the weaker half† and their purpose was to run the house and take care of things such as cooking and the kids. Via much reform in the United States, American women today are for the most part, viewed as equals to men, and given an equal chance to succeed in life. Unfortunately, many countries and regions of the world, even today, treat women terribly and with no respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The subject of women and their placement in Chinese society has been an ongoing topic for years, dating back to the beginning of China, as we know it. In China it has taken an entire political movement to reveal the importance of one half of the human race. In many books such as William Hinton’s Fanshen, Jack Belden’s China Shakes the World, and Edgar Snow’s Red Star Over China, the changing placement of Chinese women is a major part of the story. Women fought and started working, women spoke out and marched and they stood up for themselves. The idea of women’s Liberation (women obtaining equal status with men) in China was a long and hard fought struggle that took much fighting and brave people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women’s Liberation in China began with the democratic revolution (attempt to overturn the feudal rule of a landlord class), and completed in the socialist revolution. With the increasing amount of bankruptcy in the rural economy over the past few years, men’s domination over women has been weakened. â€Å"The authority of the husband is getting shakier every day†. (Ching-Ling, 202)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The speed of the Women’s Liberation movement closely resembled the advance of the democratic revolution. In 1930, women’s status was apparently raised because of the eve of the war against Japanese aggression. At the time, there were already schools where co-education was established. Some, not just a few, were employed as doctors, teachers and hospital nurses. At this time, there were many women engaged in textile industries, but they were discriminated against because they received lower wages than their male counterparts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the end of the war against the Japanese, (around 1950) under the Communist government, the movement was accelerated. Women began to work in all different fields, even the military.

Mise-En-Scene

Mise-en-scene denotes the varying elements that are placed in a scene. This includes the camera needed components that are used to generate meaning –costume/lighting/acting and the types of shots used and camera techniques/movements. Thus the main function of Mise-en-scene is to add to the narrative by creating meaning, allowing creative expression through the physical  manipulation of each scene. The chosen film is Bram Stokers Dracula, 1992. The establishing shot begins with Vladimir turning against God.From the onset strong religious symbolism such as and Islamic crescent as a shadow on a map and a crucifix falling to the ground are present. The non-diagetic sound that is heard creates a dramatic tone with a building crescendo when the battle commences with Vladimir kissing the Cross. The battle is portrayed similar to a marionette show surrounded by blazing fire, creating a mystical atmosphere. The use of subtitles when Vladimir is informed of his wife’s suicide a gain supports a mythical ambience and shifts Vladimir’s belief in God, by throwing down his sword blood pours from the freshly pierced cross.Binary opposition is present with Good vs. Evil with the blood covering the ground. This represents the smother effect of evil. The responder is then presented with a shift from the current scene to the bitter sites of London a desolate contrast to the just occurred. We are informed of the date and situation emphasising that we are now viewing the present opposed to a the past. Meaning is primarily shaped by mise-en-scene in the opening sequence due to very thin dialogue.The narration by Anthony Hopkins helps the responder link meaning to the mise-en-scene. The elements such as the Crescent’s shadow or the falling cross allow us to realise who is fighting and the location. Due to the fact that the meaning is created through both a mixture of mise-en-scene and dialogue through comparative analysis we are able to assume what the tru e meaning is. However in this scene the mise-en-scene is more effective element than dialogue due to the minimal discourse present.The main genre of Bram Stokers Dracula is Horror and uses the typical mise-en-scene associated with this genre. Blood, fire, demonic creates, ominous lighting (red/black), quick camera movement and death all reflect that of a horror film. We can conclude from this that much of the mise-en-scene is determined by the genre. Also the narrative of the film is in contrast to what the mise-en-scene indicates. Dracula goes to England to seduce Jonathan Harker’s fiance and inflict havoc.With analysais of the mise-en-scene we assume that Dracula yearns to inflict havoc, due to the evil looking eye in the sky, the dark ominous lighting. However with support from the dialogue it informs the responder that Dracula feels for his lost wife. Overall the mise-en-scene supports particular aspects of the narrative whilst conveying a gothic and evil atmosphere.Bibli ography  : Bordwell D. and Thompson K. , 2003. Film Art: An Introduction. 7th ed. Mcgraw-Hill Gibbs, J. , 2002. Mise-En-Scene: Film style and interpretation. 1st ed. Wallflower press Mise-En-Scene Mise-en-scene denotes the varying elements that are placed in a scene. This includes the camera needed components that are used to generate meaning –costume/lighting/acting and the types of shots used and camera techniques/movements. Thus the main function of Mise-en-scene is to add to the narrative by creating meaning, allowing creative expression through the physical  manipulation of each scene. The chosen film is Bram Stokers Dracula, 1992. The establishing shot begins with Vladimir turning against God.From the onset strong religious symbolism such as and Islamic crescent as a shadow on a map and a crucifix falling to the ground are present. The non-diagetic sound that is heard creates a dramatic tone with a building crescendo when the battle commences with Vladimir kissing the Cross. The battle is portrayed similar to a marionette show surrounded by blazing fire, creating a mystical atmosphere. The use of subtitles when Vladimir is informed of his wife’s suicide a gain supports a mythical ambience and shifts Vladimir’s belief in God, by throwing down his sword blood pours from the freshly pierced cross.Binary opposition is present with Good vs. Evil with the blood covering the ground. This represents the smother effect of evil. The responder is then presented with a shift from the current scene to the bitter sites of London a desolate contrast to the just occurred. We are informed of the date and situation emphasising that we are now viewing the present opposed to a the past. Meaning is primarily shaped by mise-en-scene in the opening sequence due to very thin dialogue.The narration by Anthony Hopkins helps the responder link meaning to the mise-en-scene. The elements such as the Crescent’s shadow or the falling cross allow us to realise who is fighting and the location. Due to the fact that the meaning is created through both a mixture of mise-en-scene and dialogue through comparative analysis we are able to assume what the tru e meaning is. However in this scene the mise-en-scene is more effective element than dialogue due to the minimal discourse present.The main genre of Bram Stokers Dracula is Horror and uses the typical mise-en-scene associated with this genre. Blood, fire, demonic creates, ominous lighting (red/black), quick camera movement and death all reflect that of a horror film. We can conclude from this that much of the mise-en-scene is determined by the genre. Also the narrative of the film is in contrast to what the mise-en-scene indicates. Dracula goes to England to seduce Jonathan Harker’s fiance and inflict havoc.With analysais of the mise-en-scene we assume that Dracula yearns to inflict havoc, due to the evil looking eye in the sky, the dark ominous lighting. However with support from the dialogue it informs the responder that Dracula feels for his lost wife. Overall the mise-en-scene supports particular aspects of the narrative whilst conveying a gothic and evil atmosphere.Bibli ography  : Bordwell D. and Thompson K. , 2003. Film Art: An Introduction. 7th ed. Mcgraw-Hill Gibbs, J. , 2002. Mise-En-Scene: Film style and interpretation. 1st ed. Wallflower press

Roman Catholic Saints

Well there are over 2,500 according to Roman Catholicism sources, but no definitive count. This is because many were put into saint hood a long time ago by popular demand of the people. How the Church chooses saints Canonization, the process the Church uses to name a saint, has only been used since the tenth century. For hundreds of years, saints were chosen by public acclaim. Though this was a more democratic way to recognize saints, some saints' stories were distorted by legend and some never existed. Gradually, the bishops and finally the Vatican took over authority for approving saints. In 1983, Pope John Paul II made sweeping changes in the canonization procedure. The process begins after the death of a Catholic whom people regard as holy. Often, the process starts many years after death in order give perspective on the candidate. The local bishop investigates the candidate's life and writings for heroic virtue. Then a panel of theologians at the Vatican evaluates the candidate. After approval by the panel and cardinals of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, the pope proclaims the candidate â€Å"venerable. The next step, beatification, requires evidence of one miracle (except in the case of martyrs). Since miracles are considered proof that the person is in heaven and can intercede for us, the miracle must take place after the candidate's death and as a result of a specific petition to the candidate. When the pope proclaims the candidate beatified or â€Å"blessed,† the person can be venerated by a particular region or group of people with whom the person holds special importance. Only after one more miracle will the pope canonize the saint (this includes martyrs as well). The title of saint tells us that the person lived a holy life, is in heaven, and is to be honored by the universal Church. Canonization does not â€Å"make† a person a saint; it recognizes what God has already done. When the church began honoring saints By the year 100 A. D. , Christians were honoring other Christians who had died, and asking for their intercession. Many people think that honoring saints was something the Church set up later, but it was part of Christianity from the very beginning. As a matter of fact, this practice came from a long-standing tradition in the Jewish faith of honoring prophets and holy people with shrines. The first saints were martyrs, people who had given up their lives for the Faith in the persecution of Christians. Keeping statues or pictures is not idolatry Look at the pictures of your loved ones in your wallet or around your home or office. Why do you keep these particular pictures? You might answer that you carry those pictures to remind you of people you love, to help you feel that they're close to you when you're not together, or to share with people you meet. But you probably didn't say you worshipped them. Those are some of the same reasons we have statues and pictures of saints. Seeing a statue of Saint Therese of Lisieux who lost her mother when she was a child might make us feel less alone when we are grieving. A picture of Saint Francis of Assisi might remind us of how much he loved God's creation and make us more aware of our environment. We pray with saints We pray with saints, not to them. Have you ever asked anyone to pray for you when you were having a hard time? Why did you choose to ask that person? You may have chosen someone you could trust, or someone who understood your problem, or someone who was close to God. Those are all reasons we ask saints to pray for us in times of trouble. Since saints led holy lives and are close to God in heaven, we feel that their prayers are particularly effective. Often we ask particular saints to pray for us if we feel they have a particular interest in our problem. For example, many people ask Saint Monica to pray for them if they have trouble with unanswered prayers, because Monica prayed for twenty years for her son to be converted. Finally her prayers were answered in a way she never dreamed of — her son, Augustine, became a canonized saint and a Doctor of the Church. Bread and Wine Symbol Bread and Wine/Wheat and Grapes: Because of the bread and wine they produce, the symbols of wheat and grapes are often used to designate the Eucharist. Bread is the basic food of every culture and of every age in human history. Made from the toil of human hands, the many grains of wheat are transformed and become one to nourish and sustain us. A meal, in which bread is broken and shared, becomes a means of bonding human beings together. This is the sign Jesus used to describe Himself as the â€Å"Bread of Life. Following His command, in faith we take and eat this Bread, His Body, and become one with Him. From ancient times wine is associated with banquets, joy and celebration, a gift of God to gladden our hearts. The grapes, like the grains of wheat used for bread, are fruits of the earth and give of themselves in order that we might celebrate and be glad. This sign which Jesus used for His Blood, speaks to us of giving and of sacrifice in order that we might enjoy the benefits of His love in the banquet which is the foretaste of heavenly joy

Private Schools Capital Campaigns

Private Schools Capital Campaigns Many schools want to keep their tuitions as low as possible to attract the most diverse student and parent body possible, so raising their tuition costs is not always an option.  Private schools do not cover all of their operating expenses from tuition payments; in fact, at many schools, tuition payments alone only cover about 60-80% of operating expenses, and therefore schools must also use  fundraising efforts  to cover their daily expenses. But what about special needs? Schools also need to raise money for future expenses, and to increase their endowments. Private schools typically have an Annual Fund, which is a set amount of money that the school raises each year to cover the costs of educating their students that are not met by tuition and fees. But what happens when theres an extenuating need for renovation of facilities or purchase of expensive equipment? Those needs are typically met by what is called a Capital Campaign, a fundraising effort designed to cover the massive expense of renovating their current buildings, constructing new buildings, greatly enhancing financial aid budgets and adding to their endowments. But what makes a Capital Campaign successful? Lets look at what one school did to lead one of the most successful Capital Campaigns in private schools. The Westminster Schools’ Capital Campaign The Westminster Schools, a co-ed Christian school in Atlanta, Georgia, for students in pre-first through twelfth grade, led one of the most successful private school capital campaigns in recent years. Westminster is one of only a few private schools that have managed to raise over $100 million as part of a capital campaign; the school has the largest endowment of any non-boarding school in the nation. Westminster Schools enrolls over 1,800 students on its 180-acre campus. About 26% of the students represent people of color, and 15% of students receive need-based financial aid. The school was founded in 1951 as a reorganization of the North Avenue Presbyterian School, a girls’ school. In 1953, the Washington Seminary, a girls’ school founded in 1878 that was the alma mater of Gone with the Wind author Margaret Mitchell, also merged with Westminster. Westminster Schools has long been a pioneer in Southeastern private schools, as it hosted a pilot program for advanced s tudies that eventually became Advanced Placement or AP coursework offered by the College Board, and it was also one of the first schools in the South to integrate in the 1960s. According to its press release, Westminster Schools launched a capital campaign in October of 2006 and completed it in January of 2011, having raised $101.4 million in the midst of a recession. The â€Å"Teaching for Tomorrow† campaign was an effort to secure the best teachers for the school in the years to come. More than 8,300 donors contributed to the capital campaign, among them current and past parents, alumni/ae, grandparents, friends, and local and national foundations. The President of the school, Bill Clarkson, credited the school’s focus on teaching with its success in raising funds. He believed that the campaign’s emphasis on excellence in teaching enabled the campaign to raise funds, even in difficult economic times. According to an article in the Atlanta Business Chronicle, $31.6 million from the Westminster Schools capital campaign will be dedicated to faculty hiring, $21.1 million to constructing a new junior high building, $8 million to continuing the school’s commitment to diversity, $2.3 million to promote global awareness, $10 million for community service programs, $18.8 million to foster annual giving, and $9.3 million in unrestricted endowment funding. The school’s current strategic plan calls for an increased focus on globalization, including teaching its students to thrive in an interconnected world; on technology, including teaching its students to understand how to deal with the increasing complexity of technology; and on educational research and conducting studies to determine whether teachers are using the most effective methods of instruction and whether the school’s current methods of assessment are truly helping students learn. As the school passes its 60th anniversary, the success of its capital campaign is helping it achieve its strategic goals. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski  -  stacyjago

Nicaragua Geography, History, Climate Facts

Nicaragua Geography, History, Climate Facts Population: 5,891,199 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: ManaguaBordering Countries: Costa Rica and HondurasLand Area: 50,336 square miles (130,370 sq km)Coastline: 565 miles (910 km)Highest Point: Mogoton at 7,998 feet (2,438 m) Nicaragua is a country located in Central America to the south of Honduras and to the north of Costa Rica. It is the largest country by area in Central America and its capital and largest city is Managua. One-quarter of the countrys population lives in the city. Like many other countries in Central America, Nicaragua is known for its high levels of biodiversity and unique ecosystems. History of Nicaragua Nicaraguas name comes from its native peoples that lived there in the late 1400s and early 1500s. Their chief was named Nicarao. Europeans did not arrive in Nicaragua until 1524 when Hernandez de Cordoba founded Spanish settlements there. In 1821, Nicaragua gained its independence from Spain. Following its independence, Nicaragua underwent frequent civil wars as rival political groups struggled for power. In 1909, the United States intervened in the country after hostilities grew between Conservatives and Liberals due to plans to build a trans-isthmian canal. From 1912 to 1933, the U.S. had troops in the country to prevent hostile actions towards Americans working on the canal there. In 1933, U.S. troops left Nicaragua and Nation Guard Commander Anastasio Somoza Garcia became president in 1936. He attempted to keep strong ties with the U.S. and his two sons succeeded him in office. In 1979, there was an uprising by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and the Somoza familys time in office ended. Shortly thereafter, the FSLN formed a dictatorship under leader Daniel Ortega. The actions of Ortega and his dictatorship ended friendly relations with the U.S. and in 1981, the U.S. suspended all foreign aid to Nicaragua. In 1985, an embargo was also placed on trade between the two countries. In 1990 due to pressure from within and outside of Nicaragua, Ortegas regime agreed to hold elections in February of that year. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro won the election. During Chamorros time in office, Nicaragua moved toward creating a more democratic government, stabilizing the economy and improving human rights issues that had occurred during Ortegas time in office. In 1996, there was another election and the former mayor of Managua, Arnoldo Aleman won the presidency. Alemans presidency, however, had severe issues with corruption and in 2001, Nicaragua again held presidential elections. This time, Enrique Bolanos won the presidency and his campaign pledged to improve the economy, build jobs and end government corruption. Despite these goals,  however, subsequent Nicaraguan elections have been marred with corruption and in 2006 Daniel Ortega ​Saavdra, an FSLN candidate, was elected. Government of Nicaragua Today Nicaraguas government is considered a republic. It has an executive branch made up of a chief of state and a head of government, both of which are filled by the president and a legislative branch comprised of a unicameral National Assembly. Nicaraguas judicial branch consists of a Supreme Court. Nicaragua is divided into 15 departments and two autonomous regions for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Nicaragua Nicaragua is considered the poorest country in Central America and as such, it has very high unemployment and poverty. Its economy is based mainly on agriculture and industry, with its top industrial products being food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear,  and wood. Nicaraguas main crops are coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton, rice, corn, tobacco, sesame, soya, and beans. Beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products, shrimp,  and lobster are also large industries in Nicaragua.​ Geography, Climate,  and Biodiversity of Nicaragua Nicaragua is a large country located in Central America between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Its terrain is mostly coastal plains that eventually rise up to interior mountains. On the Pacific side of the country, there is a narrow coastal plain that is dotted with volcanoes. The climate of Nicaragua is considered tropical in its lowlands with cool temperatures at its higher elevations. Nicaraguas capital, Managua, has warm temperatures year-round that hover around 88ËšF (31ËšC). Nicaragua is known for its biodiversity because rainforest covers 7,722 square miles (20,000 sq km) of the countrys Caribbean lowlands. As such, Nicaragua is home to large cats like the jaguar and cougar, as well as primates, insects and a plethora of different plants. More Facts About Nicaragua Nicaraguas life expectancy is 71.5 years Nicaraguas Independence Day is September 15 Spanish is the official language of Nicaragua but English and other native languages are also spoken Sources: Central Intelligence Agency. CIA - The World Factbook - Nicaragua.  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nu.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Nicaragua: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com.  infoplease.com/ipa/A0107839.htmlUnited States Department of State. Nicaragua.  state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1850.htmWikipedia.com.  Ã‚  Nicaragua - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.  Ã‚  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua.

Ethics, Morals, and Criminals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics, Morals, and Criminals - Research Paper Example A few examples to mention could be company ethics, professional ethics, family ethics, or school ethics those who are participants in such establishments or institutions should have to adhere to. The outcome of such outlook is individual moral codes or values do not change often, while ethics can change depending on what the particular participation of individuals are. Accordingly, what ethics refers to is right way and wrong way of doing things or acceptable and unacceptable behavior in a given setup such as a workplace. Sources such as Josephine had what he called the Six Pillars individuals can use to improve their ethical approach when they make decisions. These Pillars are trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship. Keeping them in mind while making decisions will enable individuals to harbor an ethical approach all the time. Individuals could also learn ethical norms starting from their own homes and then can capitalize on what they encounter in schools, churches, and eventually in the various social settings they could participate in. This means that individuals will start to make themselves familiar with what is right and wrong starting from their childhood. ... The reason for that could be the action might have overridden the legal rules that are put in place to govern individual behavior. However, ethics and moral are much broader than laws introduced by a given body such as a government and ethics and moral values are different from laws. The reason for that is a given action might be considered to be adhering to what the law requires, but when looking at the end result it is possible to find out it was unethical and vice versa where some actions might be illegal, but ethical. This kind of approach might be applicable in organizations where it is possible to engage in unethical behavior in order to benefit oneself or through a process of carrying out one’s duty when, for example, a medical practitioner carries out abortion some consider to be unethical or when a criminal lawyer has to defend a criminal that he or she knows could have committed a given crime, simply because their professional ethics require them to do so. There is a lso an outright criminal activity that could take place at workplace where at a higher level some company or government officials would decide to benefit themselves wrongfully by breaking company ethics codes or government regulations and policies. At a lower level employees could engage in larceny that will force them to break the law, as well as break the ethical code of the company they work for that forbids such activity, while at the same time they disregard their own moral values. Criminals When it comes to those labeled as â€Å"common criminals† the reason behind their action is more complicated than applying the rules of ethics and moral, because some of them, for various reasons explained below might not even be aware of the existence of

Describe all the issues about which Sister Aloysius could have doubts Essay

Describe all the issues about which Sister Aloysius could have doubts , going from the least important to the most important. ( - Essay Example It is very shocking that Sister Aloysius could have the potential of turning into a doubting Thomas given the dogmatic image of one who never had any doubt in her life (Shanley 22). In an effort to make this issue sink even further, it is revealed that Sister Aloysius told a lie. This is against the fact that it is a very strong Catholic dogma that no any lie of any sort ought to be encouraged leave alone being told (Waldmeir 34). This very rigid law is held even in circumstances where the lie could be the solitary tool in defeating the devil. Despite being a very sincere and devoted servant of God, Sister Aloysius finds herself in a very compromising situation. She is unwillingly introduced to the Machiavellian relativism. Sister Aloysius goes further to encapsulate humanity’s doubt in its last century. It is at this very point that Sister Aloysius openly abandons absolutism (Books Llc 43). The very step that Sister Aloysius takes in abandoning absolutism violates greatly the vow that she had personally taken in an effort to affirm her obedience to the church which was aimed at catching the pedophile (Waldmeir 79). As the play progresses, it comes to the realization that Sister Aloysius is very important when the hierarchy fails to work. At this point in time, Sister Aloysius transforms into the prosecutor, the jury and even the judge. This step marks the beginning of Sister Aloysius to fall in the slippery tracks already built by the principle of moral relativism. This rings a question to the mind of the reader as to whether it is really possible for anyone to offer any defense or support to moral absolutes if at all Sister Aloysius cannot do it. It therefore possesses yet another doubt on how truly the aspect of evil could be effectively stopped (Shengold 51). A heavy doubt lingers on whether there can be any staged war against the issue of evil if at all the absolutes being in place. Faith has now escaped and the only thing that is present is doubt w hich is being portrayed as having captured every individual. As the play progresses, it is notable that boundaries are being set for the rapid spread of doubt. This can be seen in the case that involves Aloysius the pedophile. It is very clear that Sister Aloysius is borrowing heavily from intuition in handling these particular cases (Bryer 61). The evidence that is presented by Aloysius proves to be more flimsy as compared to the evidence that comes from WMDs who are located in Iraq. In this particular case, Sister Aloysius is vey much in doubt about the case since the audience is further informed that if at all she could have been successful in accessing the right results then only luck could be the propelling force (Books Llc 82). The doubt that Sister Aloysius has is in regard to the spiritual issue. This is brought out clearly in the book. It is in regard to this that Sister Aloysius argues that if at all by any chance the society is filled with evil doers as he presumes, then she could put in contribution to the evil activities and move away further from God. Despite the fact that history was filled with evil doers who were acting from fierce conviction such as suicide bombers, witch hunters, Mullahs and the Inquisitors these people act form the conviction that they are protecting children (Shanley 19). As a matter of fact, it is in reference to these very

Engineering MAterials.. Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Engineering MAterials.. Chemistry - Essay Example Q2. Yield strength corresponds to the load at which plastic deformation starts in a material while Ultimate tensile strength corresponds to the maximum possible loading below fracture. This means a component will not deform as long as the loading is below the yield strength of the material. Because plastic deformation of component is not permitted therefore design is based on yield strength. It should be noted that yield strength is always lower than ultimate tensile strength. Q3. Elastic modulus of a material depends on the nature of inter-atomic bonding in the material. If chemical composition changes, so does the nature of the inter-atomic bonding in the material. Let us take an example of low carbon steel or mild steel. In this case the inter-atomic bonding is predominantly Fe-Fe bond so it has elastic modulus that depends on the nature of Fe-Fe bond. Now let us take an example of SS316L. In this case the composition has changed considerably. Its composition is Fe-18Cr-12Ni-0.03C. Now this material has different kinds of bonds like Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni and Ni-Cr besides the Fe-Fe bonds and therefore, elastic modulus of this material is different from that of low carbon steel. Q4. This is because it is much easier to carry out hardness testing than carrying out tensile testing. One needs to prepare sample for tensile testing which is much more tedious than preparing a sample for hardness testing. At the same time one gets fairly good idea about strength of the material from hardness testing. As hardness is a measure of material’s resistance against deformation, therefore higher hardness implies higher strength. Q6. Fracture toughness is defined as K = ; where, ï  ³ is yield stress of the material and a is the critical flaw size. These two quantities are measurable. Besides, Kc = is a material property. The as long as K < Kc; the component is safe for use the moment K approaches Kc, the component becomes prone to catastrophic fracture and must be taken

Effectiveness of Health Management Program

Effectiveness of Health Management Program Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine if the SoonerCare health management program and its associated practice management program, in a rural family practice setting, is an effective program to decrease hospital admission, improve patient care, and is a financially viable system. Data was obtained through chart review of two clinics in Durant, Oklahoma. Durant is a town of just over 15,000 as of the 2010 census. Both clinics are considered rural family medicine clinics. Out of the 170 patients enrolled in the health management program 115 patients were included in the study. The Data showed that over a period of seven months there was a significant reduction of patients going to the hospital for admission. A reduction of 50% was demonstrated with a significant p-value of 0.025896. There was no significant reduction in the office visit rates seen over the same time period. Emergency room visits did decrease by seven percent over this time period, but this was not found to be statistically significant. This reduction correlates to a savings of $551 per patient per year enrolled in the program. The study concurs with the Pacific Health Policy Group that shows a significant cost savings to the state due to the SoonerCare health management program and with practice facilitation. With the decrease in hospital admissions and subsequently the cost savings to the state of Oklahoma this program is an efficient means to provide good health care to the SoonerCare population. Background The cost of health care to the nation, private and public, in 2013 was 2.8 trillion dollars (1). This constituted 18% of the GDP (1). The average cost of health care was 9.5% of GDP for industrialized countries (1). This puts the average cost per capita in the United States at $8,508 in 2013 (1). This is two and a half times the world average of $3,322 per capita in the industrialized world (1). Add to this the projected growth of health care to increase by 5.8% each year until 2022 (2). Total health care costs, in the United States, are expected to grow to 19.9% of the GDP by 2022(1). This could be tolerable if the outcomes correlated with cost but they don’t. The United States is currently ranked twenty sixth out of thirty four in the world for life expectancy, twelfth out of thirty two in heart attack fatalities, and twenty seventh out of twenty eight for unmanaged asthma(3). With the continued increase in health care costs and diminishing return on health care dollars the state of Oklahoma has instituted a health management program and included in this program is a practice management program. The practice management program consists of an in office nurse that is a personal health coach for patients qualified for the program. My concern for this program is whether the benefit of the program outweighs the administrative costs. The purpose of this study is to determine that in a rural family practice patient population does the use of a health coach improve the care of my patients and by extension decrease hospital admissions. My hypothesis is that the use of an in office health coach allows for better care, decreased hospital visits, and at the same time saves money for the state. Methods A 14 month chart review was performed over the 7 months after the installation of a health coach in both the Gastorf Family Clinic and Durant Family Medicine Clinic. The same time a year ago, in the involved clinics, the charts were also reviewed to take out seasonal bias. Charts were reviewed in office and at the local hospital for office visits, hospital admissions, and emergency department visits. No data were obtained regarding the reasons for the office visits, emergency room visits, or for the admitting diagnosis. Data and Results The total enrollment of patients in both the Gastorf Family Clinic and the Durant Family Medicine Clinic was 170 patients. Total of 55 patients were eliminated from the study. Of the 55 patients, 31 patients were eliminated from the study due to not being established with Durant Family Medicine Clinic prior to August 2012 or no longer a patient of the involved clinics after the start of the study. Another 22 patient were eliminated from the study due to not being established with Gastorf Family Clinic prior to August 2012 or no longer being a patient after the start of the study. 2 patients enrolled in the health management system did not have any records in either of the clinics. Total patients used for the study was 115 patients. The average age of patients was 42.8. The distribution of patients in the study was 30.4% male and 69.6 % female. The Durant Family Medicine Clinic had 44 patients or 38.3% of the participants in the study. Gastorf Family Clinic had 71 patients or 61.7% of the participants in the study. The study evaluated inpatient and outpatient data from August 2012 through February 2013 and August 2013 through February 2014. These dates were determined due to the start of the practice management program was in August 2013. The August 2012 to February 2013 dates were used for comparison, in an attempt to negate seasonal admission changes. Data was obtained from a chart review at both involved clinics. Upon discovery of those patients who qualified, with continued care through the study time period, a hospital chart analysis was performed. Data was obtained from the local regional medical center in regards to emergency room visits, hospital admits, and total hospital days. Office Visits Emergency Visits Hospital Admits Pre-study 605 81 14 Study 617 75 7 p-value 0.371 0.317 0.026 Analysis of the data showed a 50% reduction in the number of individuals who were admitted to the hospital at least once in the same time period over 7 months. A one-tail paired t-test was performed and demonstrated a significant result with a p-value of p=0.026. The International Federation of Health Plans 2013 Comparative Price report shows that the average cost per hospital day in the United States is $4,293 (4). Based on evaluation of emergency room visits and hospital costs per day, this program saved about $63,387 over a seven month period for a total of 115 patients enrolled in the study. That is a savings of $551 over a years’ time per patient. Study did not show any significance with regards to a decrease in office visits and emergency room visits. There was an absolute difference of 6 emergency department visits or decrease of 7.4%. Discussion What are the cost savings if we extrapolated the results to the entire SoonerCare population? The current enrollment of Oklahoma SoonerCare as of the end of December 2013 was 555,436 (5). The annual budget of the Oklahoma Health Care Authority is over 5.3 billion dollars with 4.7 billion going towards Medicaid payments (6). If you use the results of the study with the total SoonerCare enrollment the savings would be $306 million dollars. The value of $306 million is overstated due to may issue. The extrapolation this number is unfair and inaccurate. The program as stated is for those patients with chronic conditions that are at risk, or potentially at high risk. This is but a minority portion of the SoonerCare population, which I will discuss below. The other issue is the population size of the study. This study included less than 0.03% of the total SoonerCare population. To extrapolate any data from that small sample size is fraught with inaccuracies. That being said, this study did show a significant decrease in hospital stays for the population involved in the study. Why is there so much focus on reducing cost associated with patients with chronic conditions? A 2010 report by the Agency for Health care Research and Quality found that the top 1 percent of patients ranked based on health care expenses amassed 21.4 percent of the total health care cost (7). The annual cost for these patients was estimated to be $87,570 per year per person (7). They also found that the top 50% of health associated expenders correlated to 97.2% of all health care dollars (7). Further analysis of this study also showed that those patients with four or more chronic conditions are responsible for 29.7% of health care expenditures (7). Who is enrolled in the SoonerCare health management program? Those members with, or at risk for developing chronic disease and are high risk for adverse outcomes and increase likelihood of a health care crisis. By addressing those with multiple chronic medical conditions you are addressing the most concentrated cost centers and will get the best return on investment of health care expenditures. This has been shown through analysis of the SoonerCare health management program. Currently there is over five thousand patients enrolled in the program (8). What is the cost of the program in relations to the cost savings? Study done by the Pacific Health Policy Group has shown that the SoonerCare health management program had an aggregated savings of $214 million for the 2013 fiscal year (9). The Practice facilitation component was shown to decrease the cost per patient from $678 down to $634 including the administrative costs of the program (9). In the same study it was found that the total cost of the program and administrative costs was $32 million (9). When taken from the overall medical savings it showed a return on investment of 562% (9). The SoonerCare health management program saved $5.62 for every dollar spent on the program. So what about patient care? The Study from the Pacific Health Policy Group did show of the 21 clinical performance measures 16 showed increased compliance with standards and of those 11 were statistically significant (9). This study showed the most significant improvements in the area of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes and hypertension (9). So do clinical performance measures correlate with patient outcome improvement? First health care professionals need information on performance to develop quality care that is also efficient (10). This is where the diagnostic specific measures fit in. The new PQRS standards for Medicare for 2014 there are 287 separate diagnostic measures over 25 groups. The scope of this research was not to address the specific patient care outcomes, but in a retrospective review of each of the clinic’s clinical performance measures before and after the institution of this program did show increase compliance with c linical performance measures being studied in the clinics. So what is the practice management program? It involves a health coach, which is a RN, to assist primary care practices in building a high quality care delivery processes through evaluation and coaching patients with chronic medical conditions, to oversee data capture to identify gaps in care delivery, implement and teach quality improvement methods to close gaps and improve the practice’s ability to effectively manage its patients population through data analysis and process design. Through the SoonerCare health management program patient receive the following services in table 1 (11). Through the practice facilitation portion of the program the patients receive the following services in table 2 (12). Conclusions There were many limitations to this study. As mentioned above, this study was a very small population compared to the affected group. The study only reviewed seven months before and seven months after the start of the program. As with any study group local effect must be accounted for. A larger study with multiple clinics in different locations throughout the state would give a more reliable result. An example of this study was performed by the Pacific Health Policy Group, which showed similar results to this study. In conclusion, in the practices involved in the study, it was shown that there was a significant decrease in hospital visits with the use of an in office health coach and the SoonerCare health management program. A significant financial benefit for the state with the SoonerCare health management program was also seen with a cost savings of $551 per patient per year. This study did not address specific diagnostic measures, but with decreased hospital admissions an assumption can be made in regards to improved patient care. Also in retrospective review of clinical outcome measures did show improvement in both clinics after the institution of the SoonerCare health management program.

Give Science A Chance Essay -- Stem Cell Research

It’s no secret that stem cell research is a highly controversial topic that could potentially lead to big steps in the advancement of modern medicine. There are many factors that need to be considered when making an argument for or against stem cell research. Not just the physical, tangible factors (types of stem cells, possible uses and benefits, and funding) but the emotional ones (ethics and morals) as well. While understanding the reasons opposing stem cell research is simple, understanding the reasons supporting it may be even simpler. Stem cell research should continue because stem cell research has the potential to advance modern medicine and better our world. Technically, there is no defined function for stem cells within the human body and, in theory, can form into almost any kind of cell within the body. There are two types of stem cells in the body known as either adult or embryonic. Adult stem cells are defined as multipotent, which are cells limited on the many types of cells it could become. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, which are cells that can be developed into any type of cell. Stem cells can be collected from various areas in the body. Bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placenta, brain, liver, and skin fibers are all examples of where adult stem cells are found. Obtaining these quality stem cells is thought to be the key to potentially finding cures for many dreaded diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, cancer, and even paralysis. It is the powerful possibilities of stem cell research that make it such a valuable asset to the advancement of modern medicine. Possibly the most highly debated issues of stem cell research is the use of embryonic stem cells and whether their use is et... ... Ideas. By Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011. 632-39. Print. 2. Gyatso, Tenzin. "Our Faith In Science." The Blair Reader: Exploring Issues and Ideas. By Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011. 527-29. Print. 3. Winslow, Ron, and Gautam Naik. "Obama Overturns Bush Policy on Stem Cell Research Funding." Online.wsj.com. Dow Jones & Company, Inc., 10 Mar. 2009. Web. 19 May 2012. . 4. "Stem Cell Basics - Types of Stem Cells." Stem Cells at the National Academies. 2009. Web. 22 May 2012. . 5. New York Times. "Stem Cells." Stem Cells. New York Times, 11 May 2011. Web. 22 May 2012. .

Public health policy analysis Essay

Public health policy analysis Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legalization of marijuana has been a heated issue and is featured both in local and national media. The use of marijuana by adults and youth in United States is on the increase. Marijuana use remains a medical problem concern since marijuana users are more susceptible to disorders associated to marijuana use. In the last decades state policies aimed marijuana use for medical purposes, while recent policies are advocating for legalization of marijuana to adults. Public relations campaigns fully advocate for the legalization of marijuana. The main reason being that prohibition of marijuana cause more harm than good and also fuel violence in the markets. The increased use of marijuana amongst the youth is enough evidence of failed control measures against marijuana. These opinions come together to enhance promotion of marijuana legalization (Gerber et al, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The recent opinions to legalize marijuana raised concerns to (ASAM) American Society of Addiction Medicine. In April 2012, they had to form committee to develop the reaction due to the proposal of marijuana legalization. The committee aims at informing the public about marijuana legalization of marijuana and their judgment to the public policymakers. The ASAM recommends that the chemicals in marijuana that deem an effective treatment against some illnesses should be legalized as characterized and standardized products; permitted by the Food and Drug and be dispensed by professional pharmacies just like any other medicine. ASAM’s greatest concern is due to the opinion that marijuana is the most common abused illegal drug in America. Clear distinction between decriminalization and legalization is necessary in explanation of objectives and negative impact of marijuana legalization. Legalization deals with the commercialization of produ ction, use and sale of marijuana. On the other hand, decriminalization removes penalties to personal use while sale and production of marijuana is prohibited. However, ASAM does not support legalization of marijuana since their research findings reveal that marijuana smoking is not a medicine. Background and relevance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marijuana use has several dreadful health effects which raise concern to public health sector. Marijuana can lead to addiction as well as effects of (THC) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Research reveals that 9% of marijuana becomes addicted. Marijuana smokers who try to quit suffer from anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, and appetite disturbance. In 1993, the National Institute on Drug Abuse carried a study that found that marijuana led to an estimate of 7% of treatment admissions funded by the government. The number increased to 18% in 2009. In Central and Western Europe marijuana use is a critical public health issue. Marijuana is said to be the basic drug being abused in 21% of the incidents in addiction reform services in Central and Western Europe, and 14% of incidents in addiction reforms services in Southeast and Eastern Europe. Research found that of all drug treatment teenage patients, 83% were undergoing treatment for ba sic marijuana use. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/policies/state-level-proposals-to-legalize-marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Young adults are more prevalent to marijuana addiction. Research from U.S. treatment centers shows that if drug use is started at tender age there is greater risk of dependence. Early use of marijuana might be one of the causes of increased admissions for marijuana addiction treatment. In Europe, the number of patients seeking treatment due to marijuana addiction increased from 200% from 1999 till 2006, and recently stands at 30% of overall admission cases. There are other many health hazards associated to marijuana use apart from addiction. ASAM great concern put a lot of weight to the following major areas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The brain: substances from marijuana results to short-term impact on the brain in relation to attention, verbal fluency, sensory perception, learning, memory, and perception of time. The greatest concern is marijuana consumption during teenage where brain development is in progress. This results to decreased neurocognitive activity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mental health: NIDA found that marijuana use is associated to increased anxiety, schizophrenia and depression. Research studies brought out age factor as a significant risk factor. Research shows that there is correlation between early marijuana consumption and worsening and development of symptoms of schizophrenia. High usage of marijuana can cause acute psychotic reaction as well as initiating the beginning or degeneration of schizophrenia in susceptible persons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prenatal or perinatal: some research findings have suggested that marijuana causes retarded fetal growth including length, gestational age, birth weight, and head circumference. Other long-term effects vary with age. They include depression, decreased wit, and addiction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respiratory or pulmonary: research reveals that marijuana contains more tar, carcinogen and carbon monoxide as compared to tobacco. Marijuana is likely to deposit tar four times as compared to tobacco. Chronic smoking has detrimental effects to the lungs. Marijuana smokers inhale greater volumes of smoke and hold it for longer periods. Research reveals that marijuana smokers are more susceptible to bullous disease as compared to cigarette teen smokers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Addiction among other health hazards associated to marijuana outlines that marijuana use affects both the user and their family members. ASAM is concerned since they see that the current discussion is only concerned with reforms to the ongoing marijuana policy and less concerned with detrimental impact of marijuana consumption. Harmful health and safety impacts of marijuana will be of great importance in the decision making in the development a marijuana policy with an aim of improving public health. Objectives of marijuana legalization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legalization of marijuana is considered as a public and safety measure aimed at reducing drug-associated crimes and as a remedy to harm caused by marijuana control such as incarceration among others. Advocators of marijuana believe that legalization of marijuana will reduce illegal marijuana trade and violent crimes associated with the illegal trade. They also believe that it will be a source of revenue as well as reduce cost of law enforcement. There is an ongoing research to investigate the impact of marijuana legalization in United States. Prohibition of drugs such as marijuana increases costs of businesses operations due to violence involved to the illegal drug trafficking. The price of marijuana is expected to reduce to 80% since the social price depend on regulation and taxes. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/policies/state-level-proposals-to-legalize-marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   RAND research reveals that marijuana legalization I California would not reduce drug trafficking as well as violence associated with illegal drug trafficking. Research reveals that diverted marijuana from legalized production in a given country affects all the others since it would lead to reduction of marijuana across that country. Price elasticity of marijuana under legalized plan is complicated since addictive substances behave differently from non-addictive substances. Marijuana legalization will change it from being luxury for first time users to basic necessity to the marijuana addicted persons. Legalization of marijuana is likely to be accompanied by legal advertisement of commercial use marijuana this is likely to increase marijuana consumption. Although most research were carried to investigate effect of marijuana legalization in California, the findings might also apply in another state. Legalization of marijuana might cause effe cts to the taxes, prices, markets as well as spilling over their effects to the neighboring countries. Legalizing marijuana might be a right step since it will substantiate impact of violent related to illegal drug trafficking. It is also believed that public health problems of criminal justice interventions exceed their benefits. This leads to the question as to whether legalization proposals should be passed and amended. Lessening toughness to marijuana use might not be so much fruitful since there can be little or no reduction in the level of substantial costs and incarceration rates (Morgan, 2011). Negative impact of legalizing marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any state considering altering legal condition of marijuana should consider the health hazard involved as well as the profit of coping up with criminalization of marijuana use and sale. Legal drug use provides evidence that it is national public health issue. Legal drugs recently cause a havoc on public health sector since it results to substantial health and financial burden. Legalizing marijuana is likely to lead to an increase in the social costs due to taxes imposed due to the sale of the drugs. The cost of coming up with a regulatory plan for legal marijuana is also unknown. Although legalization of marijuana might be aimed at increasing funding for prevention, addiction and treatment of commercial activities linked to legal marijuana. Health effects of gradual increase use of marijuana would rise sharply. It is also likely that legalization of marijuana will be accompanied by increase in number of marijuana related issues such as dri ving under marijuana influence, violations in act regulating age limits as well as public use violations. Research reveals that marijuana is the most famous drug associated to drugged driving. Fatal injuries, crashes and even deaths are commonly linked to habitual marijuana use. Drugged driving will raise the cost of injuries, loss of lives and crashes. Decreased highway safety is a major negative impact of marijuana legalization (Gerber et al, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Academy of Pediatrics predicted that legalizing marijuana will result to increased use of marijuana amongst the youth. The fact is that there is a positive relationship between drug use and availability. Advocators of the policy should consider detrimental effects of marijuana availability to the society if the law was passed and amended. There will be an increased incidents of marijuana related cases, addiction as well as the regulatory cost that will be passed to the public in form of taxes. International context   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The advocators of marijuana legalization policy usually come from experience from nations with less strict policies on drug use. It should not be understood that no country has ever legalized marijuana. Most countries use decriminalization policies where they have a specific limit of marijuana or a given drug use for personal purposes while drug use for commercial services remains illegal. In a country like Netherlands, commercial drug businesses are illegal and are constrained with criminal sanctions. Other than being arrested, drug users are put in check by the Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Abuse (CDT). This commission dispenses the appropriate punitive measures to the drug user where some are withdrawn if they obtain treatment against addiction. A country may be penalized for imposing such a policy to the citizens. For example, recently there was a proposal that Uruguay government would sell marijuana for personal use to the pub lic. However, the fate of this proposed law is not clear. In addition, if the law was to be passed Uruguay would be fined by the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board for going against the United Nations Single Convention of 1961. ASAM encourage exhaustive study and evaluation of distinct drug laws and programs both local and international which will enlighten the public on future strategies that aim at enhancing public health. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/policies/state-level-proposals-to-legalize-marijuana 2012 State-Level proposals on marijuana legalization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Several states such as Oregon, Colorado and Washington brought up proposals to legalize marijuana. For instance, Colorado Amendment 64 also known as Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act, if passed the policy would legalize possession, purchase, use, transport and display certain amount of marijuana by people aged 21 years and above. The state will be responsible for regulation of marijuana sector via licensure of manufacturing, cultivation and retail stores and testing facilities. The Oregon Cannabis Tax Act if passed would bring up Oregon Cannabis Commission to regulate cultivation and sale of marijuana to people aged 21 years and above. The Washington State Initiative Measure No. 502, if passed it would regulate and license marijuana distribution, possession and production to people aged 21 years and above. Washington policy would also withdraw civil and criminal activities authorized by the policy. Upon passing these policies, would chan ge everything for example, it would change marijuana from being luxury to first time users to personal use, it will also accelerate tax collection, and commercial use and sale of marijuana. The full impact of effect of legalizing marijuana are unknown (Morgan, 2011). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is great need of considering public health consequences of a policy before proposing to make changes. There are more negative consequences linked to marijuana legalization as compared to the benefits that advocators think of. People are called upon to study various polices and programs so that they can be able to make appropriate policies that aim at improving the public health of citizens. The legalization policy will make marijuana more accessible thus increasing the risk to the youths who might fall in the trap of consuming the drugs. Marijuana legalization will also lead to an increased activities associated to marijuana such as drugged driving which leads to loss of lives, injuries and crashes. Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I oppose proposals to legalize use of marijuana in any of the states in America. There is more harm than good of implementing this policy. The predicted public health costs associated to marijuana legalization are high and hurt the citizens and the public policymakers. Health professionals and physicians should enlighten people on the probable effects of implementing such a policy. Marijuana is associated to a lot of negative effects and thus should not be legalized. The following should be recommended: The public should be enlightened that addiction to marijuana is a public health concern and marijuana is not safe to consume. The physicians should lead the war against legalization of marijuana. The parents should be enlightened on the dangers of making marijuana accessible to their teenage children through legalization of such a policy References Gerber, R. J. (2004). Legalizing marijuana: drug policy reform and prohibition politics. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Morgan, K. (2011). Legalizing marijuana. Edina, MN: ABDO Pub. Co.. State-Level Proposals to Legalize Marijuana. (n.d.). State-Level Proposals to Legalize Marijuana. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.asam.org/policies/state-level-proposals-to-legalize-marijuana Source document